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Effect of Diode Laser 810nm in Hardness of Dental Ceramic Optics and Photonics Journal

12/08/2016  |  Tags: dental laser, Laser 810nm,

ABSTRACT

This research study the effect of diode laser (810 nm), with various power (30, 200, 500) mW in hardness of the material used in the combinations of teeth (ceramics). Hardness was measured for dental ceramic samples divided into four groups, each group containing ten test sample, before and after it irradiated with the diode laser with wavelength 810 nm and different power (30, 200, 500) mW, with irradiation power of 200 mW for duration two minutes and ten minutes to the third and fourth groups, and irradiation power of 30 and 500 mW for duration one minute for the last two groups. The results showed that the increase in the irradiated time of the samples from two minutes to ten minutes, as well as increased power from 30 to 500 mW does not have a significant effect in increasing the hardness of the ceramic material. This study found that the hardness ratio of the samples was increased up to (18.28%), by irradiation of invisible diode laser 810 nm, 30 mW.

Keywords:Dental Ceramic, Invisible Laser, Irradiation, Hardness,denal laser tips
 

1. Introduction

The laser now plays an important role in our everyday life. It has a wide variety of applications in industry, engineering and medicine [1] [2] . Therefore, it is not surprising to find many papers dealing with irradiation power in lasers applications [3] . Dental ceramics or porcelain is popular due to the demand for aesthetics and durability of restoration. Dental ceramics consist of mainly glass, porcelain or crystalline of structure, the physical or mechanical properties of ceramic are much closer to enamel than those of acrylic resins and method, ceramic also have a coefficient of thermal expansion very close to that of teeth [4] .

Dental ceramics contain a crystal phase and a glass phase based on the silica structure, containing central Si4+ ion with four O ions. It is not closely packed, having both covalent and ionic characteristics. The usual dental ceramic, is glassy in nature, with short-range crystallinity. The only true crystalline ceramic used at present in restorative dentistry is Alumina (Al2O3), which is one of the hardest and strongest oxides known. The glass reacts with calcium and other ions forming salts and the cement sets [5] .

Ceramic materials are used for variety of dental restoration; these include the fabrication of denture teeth, indirect restorative materials such as single crowns, fixed partial dentures; more recently the use of ceramic has been expanded to include inlays and onlays in posterior teeth, implants [6] .

Classification of ceramics in dentistry is apparently an impossible task due to vast improvements made in the compositions; Dental ceramics may be classified according to several parameters, such as their use, microstructure (i.e., amount and type of crystalline phase and glass composition), manufacturing temperature, ceramic system, composition, and processing technique.

Lasers interactions with tissue are complicated and no single parameter alone will determine how the laser affects the tissue. Dental hard tissue applications include ablation of carious lesions, cavity preparation for restoration, caries detection, endodontic surgery, and the potential for caries preventive therapy. The parameters of prime concern in understanding desirable or undesirable tissue effects are wavelength, pulse duration, absorption properties, scattering, energy, flounce (energy/surface area), power density, repetition rate, number of pulses, pulse duration and pulse shape. A range of laser parameters have been found with which dental enamel can be treated to make it resistant to subsequent dissolution by acid during dental caries. Our studies have demonstrated that treatment of enamel by specific pulsed diode laser irradiation can markedly inhibit subsequent caries progression. During irradiation, heat causes carbonate loss from the carbonated hydroxyapatite mineral, converting it into a low solubility hydroxyapatite-like calcium phosphate.

2. Materials and Methods

In this work, diode of 810 nm, tunable output power (30, 200, 500) mW, Ora-laser jet Company Germany, was used [7] .

Dental ceramic firing furnace, Centurion Q50 vacuum porcelain furnace , (100-120) V, 50/60 Hz, (33 × 33 × 41) cm dimensions, computerized auto control and calibration, Maximum Pressing Firing Temperature 1204˚.

The hardness tester (TH 160), with dimensions of (268 × 86 × 50) mm, 50hr Continuous work, Digiwork Instruments Company, Canada, used to provide a wide range for non-distractive test of hardness [8] .

The dental ceramic layer was subjected to the test of strength to measure the hardness for each specimen before the laser irradiation (pre test), by using Birnell hardness test. After the irradiation of the all specimens, has been subjected to the hardness test (post test).

Principle of the Birnell hardness test an indenter (hard metal ball with diameter D) is forced into the surface of the metals or test piece, and the diameter of the indentation d left the surface after removal of the force F is measured.

The Brinell hardness number, or simply the Brinell number, is obtained by dividing the load used, in kilograms, by the actual surface area of the indentation, in square millimeters. The result is a pressure measurement, but the units are rarely stated.

Birnell hardness is proportional to the equation obtained by dividing the test force by curved surface, area of the indentation with radius corresponding to half of the diameter of the ball [9] .

2.1. Preparation of Ceramic Specimens

First, anickel chromium as base metal alloy used to fabricate 40 specimens for ceramic material, measuring 10 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness of the metal plus a layer of 1.7 mm thickness of the ceramic material. Then, ceramic powder (dentin and opaque powder) was mixed with distilled water to form slurry, and then the mixed slurry was loaded into nickel chromium mold as a layer. Before that, the specimens were placed on a firing tray (Centurion Q50 Vacuum Porcelain Furnace) they were dried and sintered in a vacuum furnace according to manufacturer’s specification at temperature of 850˚C. 

2.2. Procedure and Methods

Setup Procedure

This part has been by using the diode laser from Ora-Laser jet system, invisible laser irradiation, wavelength 810 nm, class 4 laser products, by using power of 30mW 200mW and 500 mW, energy 0.5 J, frequency 50 Hz, pulse pause relation(PPR) 1:1, in a continuous mode (CW).

The experimental procedure was done by using Ora-Laser jet system, but forty specimens were used were irradiated at different ways.

First way, twenty specimens of dental ceramic divided into two groups, ten in each according to irradiated time, they irradiated with the diode laser 810 nm, at same power of 200 mW, different irradiation time beginning of two minutes for the first group, and change the time to ten minutes for the second group.

Second way, twenty specimens of dental ceramic divided into two groups, ten in each according to irradiated power, they irradiated with diode laser 810 nm, at constant duration of one minute, but at variable power of 30 mW to the first group, and change to 500 mW for the second group.

After the irradiation of specimens by the two ways, the specimens were subjected to the hardness test by using birnell hardness test.  shows the method for hardness measurements of specimens before and after irradiation.

The experimental procedure was done as follows:

a) The hardness test for each specimen’s dental ceramic layer was measured before the laser irradiation (pre-test), by using the hardness tester (TH 160) Birnell hardness test.

b) before begging irradiation the Goggles wired (protective eyewear) for safety.

c) Forty specimens of conventional dental ceramic were separated to four groups, ten specimens of each one.

3. Conclusion

From the obtained results it can be concluded that, the highest ratio of the hardness is achieved at low power laser irradiation (30 mW). While low ratio of hardness obtained at high power irradiation (500 mW). Also at irradiation with diode laser (500mW), the dental ceramic, white color is become very white. The high power caused heat in the dental ceramic material which is turn change the properties of the material, but hardness dos-not increase by the large ratio.